Teste Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes Pós-COVID-19: De Onde vem a Intolerância ao Exercício? / Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Post-COVID-19 Patients: Where Does Exercise Intolerance Come From?

Resumo Fundamento A intolerância ao exercício pós-COVID-19 não é bem entendida. O teste de esforço cardiopulmonar (TECP) pode identificar as limitações ao exercício subjacentes. Objetivos Avaliar a etiologia e a magnitude da intolerância ao exercício em sujeitos pós-COVID-19. Métodos Estudo de coorte que avaliou sujeitos com níveis de gravidades diferentes da doença COVID-19 e um grupo de controle selecionado por pareamento por escores de propensão. Em uma amostra seleta com TECP anterior à infecção viral disponível, foram realizadas comparações antes e depois. O nível de significância foi de 5% em toda a análise. Resultados Foram avaliados cento e quarenta e dois sujeitos com COVID-19 (idade mediana: 43 anos, 57% do sexo masculino), com níveis de gravidade de doença diferentes (60% leve, 21% moderada, 19% grave). O TECP foi realizado 11,5 (7,0, 21,2) semanas após o aparecimento da doença, com as limitações ao exercício sendo atribuídas aos sistemas muscular periférico (92%), pulmonar (6%), e cardiovascular (2%). Menor valor mediano do consumo de oxigênio pico percentual foi observado no subgrupo com níveis graves de doença (72,2%) em comparação com os controles (91,6%). O consumo de oxigênio foi diferente entre os grupos com diferentes níveis de gravidade de doença e o controle no pico e nos limiares ventilatórios. Inversamente, os equivalentes ventilatórios, a inclinação da eficiência do consumo de oxigênio, e o pico do pulso de oxigênio foram semelhantes. A análise do subgrupo de 42 sujeitos com TECP prévio revelou uma redução significativa no pico de velocidade da esteira no subgrupo com nível leve de doença, e no consumo de oxigênio no pico e nos limiares ventilatórios nos subgrupos com níveis moderado/grave. Por outro lado, os equivalentes ventilatórios, a inclinação da eficiência do consumo de oxigênio e o pico do pulso de oxigênio não apresentaram alterações significativas. Conclusões A fadiga do músculo periférico foi a etiologia de limitação de exercício mais comum em pacientes pós-COVID-19 independentemente da gravidade da doença. Os dados sugerem que o tratamento deve enfatizar programas de reabilitação abrangentes, incluindo componentes aeróbicos e de fortalecimento muscular.

Abstract Background Post-COVID-19 exercise intolerance is poorly understood. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) can identify the underlying exercise limitations. Objectives To evaluate the source and magnitude of exercise intolerance in post-COVID-19 subjects. Methods Cohort study assessing subjects with different COVID-19 illness severities and a control group selected by propensity score matching. In a selected sample with CPET prior to viral infection, before and after comparisons were performed. Level of significance was 5% in the entire analysis. Results One hundred forty-four subjects with COVID-19 were assessed (median age: 43.0 years, 57% male), with different illness severities (60% mild, 21% moderate, 19% severe). CPET was performed 11.5 (7.0, 21.2) weeks after disease onset, with exercise limitations being attributed to the peripheral muscle (92%), and the pulmonary (6%), and cardiovascular (2%) systems. Lower median percent-predicted peak oxygen uptake was observed in the severe subgroup (72.2%) as compared to the controls (91.6%). Oxygen uptake differed among illness severities and controls at peak and ventilatory thresholds. Conversely, ventilatory equivalents, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, and peak oxygen pulse were similar. Subgroup analysis of 42 subjects with prior CPET revealed significant reduction in only peak treadmill speed in the mild subgroup and in oxygen uptake at peak and ventilatory thresholds in the moderate/severe subgroup. By contrast, ventilatory equivalents, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, and peak oxygen pulse did not change significantly. Conclusions Peripheral muscle fatigue was the most common exercise limitation etiology in post-COVID-19 patients regardless of the illness severity. Data suggest that treatment should emphasize comprehensive rehabilitation programs, including aerobic and muscle strengthening components.

Effect of aerobic training on physical fitness and cardiopulmonary resistance of university students / Efeito do treinamento aeróbico sobre a aptidão física e resistência cardiopulmonar dos estudantes universitários / Efecto del entrenamiento aeróbico sobre la aptitud física y la resistencia cardiopulmonar de estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction: The good performance of college students depends directly on their physical integrity, which is subordinated to good physical fitness and cardiopulmonary resistance. It is believed that aerobic training, an adaptation to the progressive increase of physical endurance, may benefit college students. Objective: Study whether aerobic training can affect college students' physical fitness and cardiopulmonary endurance. Methods: Through experimental comparison, the physical fitness and cardiopulmonary endurance of students in the aerobics elective class and the university athletics elective class were compared. Body indexes were measured before and after the intervention, statistically analyzed, and discussed according to the literature. Results: There were significant changes in the 50-meter run time for university students in the elective aerobics class from 9.24±1.71 to 7.81±2.02, the five-meter run from 11.56±1.03 to 7.87±0.23, the standing jump from 156.92±14.79 to 170.56±19.93, and the sitting flexion from 14.07±1.98 to 17.52±3.79. These changes accompanied the changes in cardiorespiratory endurance in the aerobics elective class. In contrast, the changes in student indicators in the track and field elective class were not as evident. Conclusion: Aerobic training positively impacted overall physical quality, including elevation of fitness indices and cardiopulmonary endurance in college students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O bom desempenho dos estudantes universitários depende diretamente de sua integridade física, que está subordinada a uma boa aptidão física e resistência cardiopulmonar. Acredita-se que o treinamento aeróbico, uma adaptação ao aumento progressivo da resistência física, possa trazer benefícios aos estudantes universitários. Objetivo: Estudar se a prática do treinamento aeróbico pode afetar a aptidão física e a resistência cardiopulmonar dos estudantes universitários. Métodos: Através de comparação experimental, a aptidão física e a resistência cardiopulmonar dos alunos da classe optativa de aeróbica e da classe optativa de atletismo universitário foram comparadas. Os índices corporais foram mensurados antes e após a intervenção, trabalhados estatisticamente e discutidos conforme a literatura. Resultados: Houveram alterações significativas no tempo de corrida 50 metros pelos estudantes universitários da classe eletiva de aeróbica, de 9,24±1,71 para 7,81±2,02, a de cinco metros foi de 11,56±1,03 para 7,87±0,23, o salto em pé foi de 156,92±14,79 para 170,56±19,93, e a flexão em posição sentada de 14,07±1,98 para 17,52±3,79. Essas alterações acompanharam as mudanças de resistência cardiorrespiratória na classe eletiva de aeróbica, enquanto as mudanças dos indicadores em alunos na classe eletiva de atletismo não foram tão evidentes. Conclusão: O treinamento em aeróbico mostrou um impacto positivo sobre a qualidade física geral, incluindo elevação dos índices de aptidão física e da resistência cardiopulmonar nos estudantes universitários. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El buen rendimiento de los estudiantes universitarios depende directamente de su integridad física, que está subordinada a una buena forma física y resistencia cardiopulmonar. Se cree que el entrenamiento aeróbico, una adaptación al aumento progresivo de la resistencia física, puede aportar beneficios a los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Estudiar si la práctica del entrenamiento aeróbico puede afectar a la forma física y a la resistencia cardiopulmonar de los estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Mediante comparación experimental, se compararon la forma física y la resistencia cardiopulmonar de los estudiantes de la clase optativa de aeróbic y de la clase optativa de atletismo universitario. Se midieron los índices corporales antes y después de la intervención, se trabajaron estadísticamente y se discutieron según la bibliografía. Resultados: Hubo cambios significativos en el tiempo de carrera de 50 metros de los estudiantes universitarios de la clase electiva de aeróbic, de 9,24±1,71 a 7,81±2,02, la carrera de cinco metros fue de 11,56±1,03 a 7,87±0,23, el salto de pie fue de 156,92±14,79 a 170,56±19,93, y la flexión en posición sentada de 14,07±1,98 a 17,52±3,79. Estos cambios acompañaron a los cambios de la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en la clase optativa de aeróbic, mientras que los cambios de los indicadores en los alumnos de la clase optativa de atletismo no fueron tan evidentes. Conclusión: El entrenamiento aeróbico mostró un impacto positivo en la calidad física general, incluyendo la elevación de los índices de condición física y resistencia cardiopulmonar en estudiantes universitarios. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Estudo comparativo de zumbido e aptidão cardiorrespiratória entre pessoas pós-COVID-19 / Comparative study of tinnitus and cardiorespiratory fitness among people post COVID-19

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a relação entre zumbido e aptidão cardiorrespiratória em pessoas após COVID-19. Métodos Estudo transversal com amostra de pessoas pós-COVID -19 que responderam à Escala Visual Analógica para zumbido e questionário padronizado contendo dados sobre internação e zumbido. Para avaliar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, utilizou-se a avaliação clínica e o Teste de Bruce para mensurar o consumo de oxigênio diretamente (via analisador de gases, com utilização do consumo pico de oxigênio - VO2pico). Resultados Participaram 192 pessoas, com média de idade de 47,8 ± 12,6 anos. A prevalência de zumbido autorreferido foi de 27,1% (n = 52). Dos 52 pacientes com zumbido, 27 iniciaram com o sintoma durante ou após o diagnóstico de COVID-19. Houve diferença significativa para o VO2pico absoluto entre os grupos com e sem zumbido (p = 0,035), sendo que o grupo com zumbido apresentou os menores valores; o tamanho do efeito foi pequeno. Não houve correlação entre os escores da Escala Visual Analógica para o zumbido e os valores de VO2pico absoluto e relativo (p > 0,05). Conclusão Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as queixas de zumbido e o VO2pico nas pessoas após a COVID -19, sendo que o grupo com zumbido apresentou o VO2pico absoluto menor do que o grupo sem zumbido. Nos pacientes com zumbido, também foi encontrado VO2pico absoluto e relativo menor para as mulheres, além do VO2pico relativo menor para os hipertensos e obesos.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the relation between tinnitus and cardiorespiratory fitness among people after COVID-19. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of people post Covid-19 who responded to the Visual-Analog Scale for tinnitus and standardized questionnaire containing data on hospitalization and tinnitus. To evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness, it used the clinical assessment and Bruce test to measure oxygen consumption directly (via gas analyzer, using peak oxygen consumption - VO2peak). Results In total, 192 participants were assessed, with a mean age of 47.8 ± 12.6 years . The prevalence of self-reported tinnitus was 27.1% (n = 52). Of these 52 patients with tinnitus, 27 people started with the symptom during or after the diagnosis of COVID-19. There was a significant difference for the absolute VO2peak and the groups with and without tinnitus (p = 0.035): the tinnitus group showed the lowest values, the effect size was small. There was no correlation between the scores of the Visual-Analog Scale for tinnitus and the absolute and relative VO2peak (p > 0.05). Conclusion There was a statistically significant difference between tinnitus complaints and the VO2peak among people post COVID-19, with the tinnitus group having a lower absolute VO2peak than the non-tinnitus group. In tinnitus patients, we also found lower absolute and relative VO2peak for women, in addition to lower relative VO2peak for hypertensive and obese patients.

Physical and motor profile of children between 6 and 10 years old according to levels of cardiorespiratory fitness / Perfil físico e motor de crianças entre os 6 e os 10 anos de idade em função dos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória

Abstract This study aimed to compare the physical profile and motor profile of children from 6 to 10 years old, according to their level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Participated 2036 children from 6 to 10 years old from São José dos Pinhais - PR. Assessed variables were stature, corporal mass, Body mass index (BMI), physical fitness (PF), and gross motor coordination (GMC). The CRF was assessed by the total distance during the 6 minutes walking test. A battery of tests KTK evaluated the GCM. The children were classified according to their levels of CRF (low-moderate-elevated). Differences between groups were tested using ANOVA one way. Data analysis was made in the SPSS software, with a meaningfulness of 5%. Children with low levels of CRF showed higher values of adiposity. On the PF tests, children with low levels of CRF showed higher values of prehension and worse performance in the other tests. Regarding GMC, children with low levels of CRF had lower coordinative performance. Meaningful differences were found in the comparisons between different groups (low-moderate, low-elevated) with an advantage in the results in moderate levels of CRF. Obtaining average levels of CRF can bring protective benefits in other variables in children's growth process and development during infancy. Evaluating the CRF doesn't only get a momentary evaluation. Still, it can also do the monitoring of an essential variable of health, as well as indicate a predisposition about other physical-motor variables.

Resumo Comparar o perfil físico e motor de crianças dos 6 aos 10 anos, conforme os seus níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (AptC). Participaram do estudo 2036 crianças de seis a 10 anos de idade de São José dos Pinhais-PR. Foram avaliados estatura, massa corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), aptidão física (AptF) e coordenação motora (CMG). A AptC foi avaliada pela distância total percorrida no teste de seis minutos. A CMG foi avaliada por meio da bateria de testes KTK. As crianças foram classificadas em função dos níveis de AptC (baixo-moderado-elevado). Diferenças entre grupos foram testadas utilizando da ANOVA one way. As análises dos dados foram realizadas no software SPSS, com nível de significância em 5%. Crianças com menor nível de AptC apresentam maiores valores médios adiposidade. Nos testes de AptF, crianças com níveis baixos de AptC apresentaram maiores valores de preensão e pior desempenho nos demais testes. Relativamente à CMG, crianças com baixos níveis de AptC apresentaram piores desempenho coordenativo. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas para as comparações entre os outros grupos (baixo-moderado; baixo-elevado) com vantagem nos resultados nos níveis moderados a elevados de AptC. Obter níveis moderados de AptC pode trazer benefícios protetores em diferentes variáveis do processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças durante a segunda infância. Avaliar a AptC não traz somente uma avaliação momentânea, como pode ser feito o monitoramento de uma importante variável de saúde bem como indicar uma predisposição sobre outras variáveis físico-motoras.

Validez y reproducibilidad de un método para estimar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adultos universitarios / Validity and reproducibility of a method to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness in college adults

Introducción. La capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria es un predictor de mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular y por todas las causas. Su diagnóstico en diferentes grupos tiene utilidad clínica y en salud pública. Objetivo. Evaluar la validez y reproducibilidad de un método sin ejercicio implementado por la NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), para estimar el volumen máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) consumido en adultos universitarios. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de validación de una prueba que incluyó 94 individuos sanos de ambos sexos (18 a 55 años). La prueba de referencia fue la ergoespirometría. La validez y la reproducibilidad se evaluaron mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, CCI) y el método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. Del total de los individuos incluidos en el estudio, 48,9 % fueron mujeres. La media de edad de los participantes fue de 30,54 ± 9,33 años y, la del VO2máx, fue de 41,29 ± 9,54 mlO2.kg-1.min-1. Se encontró una diferencia de medias de VO2máx entre la ergoespirometría y el estimado por el método implementado por la NASA de 3,41 ± 5,64 mlO2.kg-1.min-1. La concordancia entre los dos métodos fue buena, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,858 (IC95% 0,672-0,926). El porcentaje de error fue del 29,70 %. La reproducibilidad de las dos estimaciones por el método implementado por la NASA fue excelente, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,986 (IC95% 0,927-0,995). Conclusiones. El método NASA es válido y reproducible para estimar el VO2máx en adultos universitarios; además, es seguro y de fácil aplicación. Se recomienda la estimación de la capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria para mejorar la tamización en los programas de riesgo cardiometabólico e implementar intervenciones oportunas.

Introduction: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Its assessment in different groups has clinical and public health usefulness. Objective: To evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a no-exercise method [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) method] to estimate the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx) in college adults. Materials and methods: This study included 94 healthy individuals of both sexes (1855 years). The gold standard was ergospirometry. The validity and reproducibility were evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method. Results: Among the participants, we found a mean age of 30.54 ± 9.33 years and a VO2máx of 41.29 ± 9.54 ml O2kg-1-min-1; 48.9 % were women. A mean difference of VO2máx between ergospirometry and that estimated by the NASA method of 3.41 ± 5.64 ml O2.kg-1. min-1 was found. The concordance between the two methods was good, with an ICC of 0.858 (CI95% 0.672-0.926). The percentage of error was 29.70 %. The reproducibility of the two estimates by the NASA method was excellent, with an ICC of 0.986 (CI95% 0.927-0.995). Conclusions: The NASA method is valid and reproducible to estimate VO2máx in college adults. In addition, it is safe and easy to apply. Estimating cardiorespiratory fitness is recommended to improve screening in cardiometabolic risk programs and to implement timely interventions.

Sleep attenuates body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and its effect on blood pressure in young adolescents: The cross-sectional lifestyle, biomarkers, and early risk of hypertension

Background: From the past few decades, disturbed sleep pattern has grown to be a hallmark of modern-day society among the adolescents and in adults. Both are having disturbed sleep patterns with average sleep duration of 7 h per night. Smartphones, tablets, and television which are the remarkable source of information and entertainment have robbed sleep time and have led to voluntary sleep restriction as self-reported by them and it has become a serious barrier to health development. Along with-it, high blood pressure (BP) levels are influenced by high body mass index (BMI) and low cardiorespiratory fitness which are among the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, how sleep attenuates the individuals BMI, cardiorespiratory fitness and BP in adolescents are uncertain. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze whether the disturbed sleep pattern is a mediator between body composition, Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and BP levels in young adolescents. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study which involved students of MMIMSR (n = 500), of which 250 male and 250 female participants were recruited. Initial explanation about the aim and purpose of the study, test procedure, method of testing, and instruction of how to perform the test was given. All the participants were examined under similar laboratory conditions. Detailed history with thorough clinical examination were done. All basal parameters such as heart rate, BP, and respiratory rate were also measured. Results: In our study, disturbed sleep patterns were highly significantly (P < 0.01) associated with high BMI which acted as a mediator between low CRF and high BP in both the participants. Our results highlighted the importance of a sleep in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, CRF and to prevent hypertension in young adolescents. Conclusion: The findings of our study are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbed sleep might be one of the reasons which influence BMI and long-term cardiovascular health.

Cardiopulmonary resistance in obese individuals during different aerobic exercises / Resistência cardiopulmonar de obesos em exercícios aeróbicos diferentes / Resistencia cardiopulmonar en individuos obesos durante diferentes ejercicios aeróbicos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity is a major cause of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Recent studies have reported that combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise effects are more effective for fat reduction. However, aerobic and anaerobic exercise have different fat reduction mechanisms. Comparing the intervention effects of different combinations of these exercises could provide an experimental basis for establishing an optimal protocol for weight loss. Objective: To study the effect of different aerobic exercise intensities on cardiorespiratory endurance in obese patients and its impact on fat loss. Methods: 18 obese female college students (BMI≥25) were randomly divided into two groups with different proportions of aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Bioimpedance data and BMI were collected for analysis. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistics, with mean and standard deviation expressed for each index. Significance level at p<0.05 and highly significant set at P<0.01. Results: The weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat content of the two exercise methods were positively changed before and after the experiment. This change had a very significant difference. Conclusion: There was no statistical difference in the interventions for the six weeks. Aerobic exercise can effectively improve cardiopulmonary function, and the benefits are directly proportional to the period practiced. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: A obesidade é uma causa importante de doenças crônicas como doenças cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares, câncer e diabetes. Estudos recentes relataram que os efeitos do exercício aeróbico e anaeróbico combinados são mais eficazes para a redução de gordura. O exercício aeróbico e o exercício anaeróbico têm diferentes mecanismos de redução de gordura e a comparação dos efeitos da intervenção de diferentes combinações desses exercícios poderia fornecer uma base experimental para o estabelecimento de um protocolo ideal para perda de peso. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercícios aeróbicos sobre a resistência cardiorrespiratória de pacientes obesos e seu impacto sobre a perda de gordura. Métodos: 18 estudantes universitárias obesas (IMC≥25) foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos com proporções distintas de exercícios aeróbicos e anaeróbicos. Assim como o IMC, dados coletados via bioimpedância foram mensurados antes e depois do experimento para análise. Foi utilizado o Software SPSS 25.0 para a estatística, com média e desvio padrão expressos para cada índice. Nível de significância em p<0,05 e muito significativo fixado em P<0,01. Resultados: O peso, IMC, relação cintura/quadril, e conteúdo de gordura corporal dos dois métodos de exercício foram positivamente alterados antes e depois do experimento. Essa alteração teve uma diferença muito significativa. Conclusão: Não houve diferença estatística nas intervenções pelo período de seis semanas. O exercício aeróbico pode efetivamente melhorar a função cardiopulmonar e os benefícios são diretamente proporcionais ao período praticado. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La obesidad es una de las principales causas de enfermedades crónicas como las cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares, el cáncer y la diabetes. Estudios recientes han informado que los efectos combinados de los ejercicios aeróbicos y anaeróbicos son más eficaces para la reducción de la grasa. Sin embargo, el ejercicio aeróbico y el anaeróbico tienen diferentes mecanismos de reducción de la grasa. La comparación de los efectos de intervención de diferentes combinaciones de estos ejercicios podría proporcionar una base experimental para establecer un protocolo óptimo para la pérdida de peso. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de diferentes intensidades de ejercicio aeróbico sobre la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en pacientes obesas y su impacto en la pérdida de grasa. Métodos: 18 estudiantes universitarias obesas (BMI≥25) fueron divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos con diferentes proporciones de ejercicio aeróbico y anaeróbico. Se recogieron los datos de bioimpedancia y el IMC para su análisis. Se utilizó el software SPSS 25.0 para las estadísticas, con el promedio y la desviación estándar expresadas para cada índice. El nivel de significancia se fijó en p<0,05 y el nivel muy significativo en P<0,01. Resultados: El peso, el IMC, la relación cintura-cadera y el contenido de grasa corporal de los dos métodos de ejercicio cambiaron positivamente antes y después del experimento. Este cambio tuvo una diferencia muy significativa. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias estadísticas en las intervenciones durante las seis semanas. El ejercicio aeróbico puede mejorar eficazmente la función cardiopulmonar, y los beneficios son directamente proporcionales al periodo practicado. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Cardiovascular response in mid and long-distance runners under training / Resposta cardiovascular em corredores de média e longa distância sob treinamento / Respuesta cardiovascular en corredores de media y larga distancia en entrenamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction: Research on the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system has a long history that has recently been expanded with echocardiography. Research using Doppler echocardiography has been increasing because of the safe and non-invasive method of examination to study cardiac morphology and function. However, few studies on functional cardiac changes in mid and long-distance runners under training are still few. Objective: Study the monitoring of cardiovascular response in middle and long-distance runners during training. Methods: The CFOCS-I cardiovascular function detector was used to observe 24 indices of cardiac pump function, vascular function, and microcirculation in 12 female middle-distance runners. Results: According to the test results, diastolic force, systolic force, systolic function, left ventricular ejection fraction increased during the proposed loading exercise. The mean systolic and mean pulse pressures increased significantly with exercise load (P<0.01). Conclusion: Mid and long-distance runners demonstrated significant cardiac changes in ventricular shape, size, and systolic function, accompanied by significant changes in diastolic function when subjected to intense exercise. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: A pesquisa dos efeitos do exercício sobre o sistema cardiovascular tem uma longa história que recentemente foi expandida com o uso da ecocardiografia. Pesquisas utilizando a ecocardiografia por doppler têm crescido devido ao método de exame apresentar-se seguro e não-invasivo para estudo de morfologia e função cardíaca. Porém ainda há poucos estudos sobre as alterações cardíacas funcionais em corredores de média e longa distância sob treinamento. Objetivo: Estudar o monitoramento da resposta cardiovascular nos corredores de média e longa distância durante o treinamento. Métodos: O detector de função cardiovascular CFOCS-I foi usado para observar 24 índices de função da bomba cardíaca, função vascular, e microcirculação em 12 corredoras de média distância do sexo feminino. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados dos testes, a força diastólica, a força sistólica, a função sistólica, a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aumentaram durante o exercício de carga proposto. A pressão sistólica média e a pressão de pulso média aumentaram significativamente com a carga de exercício (P<0,01). Conclusão: Os corredores de média e longa distância demonstraram alterações cardíacas significativas no formato, tamanho e função sistólica dos ventrículos, acompanhado por mudanças significativas na função diastólica quando submetidos ao exercício intenso. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La investigación sobre los efectos del ejercicio en el sistema cardiovascular tiene una larga historia que se ha ampliado recientemente con el uso de la ecocardiografía. La investigación con ecocardiografía Doppler ha ido en aumento debido a que es un método de examen seguro y no invasivo para estudiar la morfología y la función cardíacas. Sin embargo, todavía hay pocos estudios sobre los cambios funcionales cardíacos en corredores de media y larga distancia bajo entrenamiento. Objetivo: Estudiar el seguimiento de la respuesta cardiovascular en corredores de media y larga distancia durante el entrenamiento. Métodos: Se utilizó el detector de función cardiovascular CFOCS-I para observar 24 índices de la función de la bomba cardíaca, la función vascular y la microcirculación en 12 corredoras de media distancia. Resultados: Según los resultados de la prueba, la fuerza diastólica, la fuerza sistólica, la función sistólica y la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo aumentaron durante el ejercicio de carga propuesto. La presión sistólica media y la presión de pulso media aumentaron significativamente con la carga de ejercicio (P<0,01). Conclusión: Los corredores de media y larga distancia mostraron cambios cardíacos significativos en la forma, el tamaño y la función sistólica del ventrículo, acompañados de cambios significativos en la función diastólica cuando se sometieron a un ejercicio intenso. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Asociación del fitness cardiorrespiratorio con marcadores de adiposidad corporal: estudio de corte transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Chile 2016-2017 / Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with adiposity markers

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with metabolic diseases and adiposity markers. Aim: To assess the association of CRF with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity in a representative sample of the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 5,958 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-1027 aged 15 years or above were analyzed. CRF was estimated by an equation that included sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related data and expressed in metabolic equivalent units (METs). The association between CRF and adiposity was assessed using linear and Poisson regression models and the results were presented as Prevalence Ratio (PR). RESULTS: One MET increment in CRF was associated with a 3.27 kg/m2 (95% confidence intervals (CI): -3.35; -3.2) and 4.56 kg/m2 (95% CI: -4.67; -4.46) lower BMI in men and women, respectively. Waist circumference was 6.7 cm [95% CI: -6.98; -6.42] and 9 cm [95% CI: -9.33; -8.67] lower per 1-MET increment in CRF. With one MET increment, the probability of being obese was 34% (PR = 0.66 [95%CI: 0.63; 0.69]) and 36% (PR = 0.64 [95%CI: 0.61; 0.67]) lower in men and women, respectively. The probability of having a central obesity was 26% (PR = 0.74 [95%CI: 0.71; 0.77]) and 30% (PR = 0.70 [95%CI: 0.68; 0.73]) lower in men and women, respectively. Conclusions: A higher estimated CRF was associated with lower adiposity levels and a lower risk of being obese in both men and women. Public health policies aiming to increase physical activity are needed to increase the CRF of the Chilean population.

Risco Cardiometabólico em Crianças e Adolescentes: O Paradoxo entre Índice de Massa Corporal e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória / Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: The Paradox between Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Resumo Fundamento Foi demonstrado que o risco cardiometabólico está inversamente associado à aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) e positivamente associado ao índice de massa corporal (IMC). Objetivo Analisar a associação de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos com IMC e APCR combinados em escolares de um município do sul do Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 1252 escolares de sete a 17 anos. Foram avaliados colesterol total (CT), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). APCR e IMC foram agrupados em uma variável e os escolares classificados como eutróficos/aptos, eutróficos/inaptos, excesso de peso/aptos e excesso de peso/inaptos. Análises foram realizadas por meio de Regressão de Poisson e uma alfa de 0,05 foi adotado. Resultados Escolares classificados com excesso de peso/aptos demonstraram uma razão de prevalência (RP) de 1,50 (1,04 - 2,16) para TG alterado, 3,05 (2,05 - 4,54) para PAS e 2,70 (1,87 - 3,88) para PAD elevada. Escolares com excesso de peso/ inaptos apresentaram RP para CT alto de 1,24 (1,11 - 1,39) e 1,51 (1,11 - 2,04) para baixos níveis de HDL. Além disso, apresentaram um risco de 2,07 (1,60 - 2,69) para TG alterado, 3,26 (2,31 - 4,60) para PAS e 2,42 (1,76 - 3,32) para PAD elevada. Conclusão O IMC apresentou um papel central na associação com o risco e a APCR demonstrou atenuar a associação entre fatores de risco e excesso de peso. Escolares com excesso de peso apresentaram um risco cardiometabólico mais elevado, mas o tamanho do efeito foi maior entre os inaptos.

Abstract Background Cardiometabolic risk has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and positively associated with body mass index (BMI). Objective Our objective was to analyze the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with combined BMI and CRF in schoolchildren from a city in southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of 1252 schoolchildren aged seven to 17 years. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated. CRF and BMI were grouped into one variable and the schoolchildren were classified as eutrophic/fit, eutrophic/unfit, overweight-obese/fit, and overweight-obese/unfit. Crude and adjusted analyzes were performed using Poisson Regression and an alpha of 0.05 was adopted. Results Overweight-obese and fit schoolchildren showed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.50 (1.04 - 2.16) for altered TG, 3.05 (2.05 - 4.54) for elevated SBP, and 2.70 (1.87 - 3.88) for elevated DBP. Overweight-obese and unfit schoolchildren showed a PR for high TC of 1.24 (1.11 - 1.39) and 1.51(1.11 - 2.04) for low HDL levels. In addition, they had a risk of 2.07 (1.60 - 2.69) for altered TG, 3.36 (2.31 - 4.60) for elevated SBP and 2.42 (1.76 - 3.32) for altered DBP. Conclusion BMI played a central role in the association with risk and CRF was shown to attenuate the association between risk factors and obesity. Overweight-obese children and adolescents had a higher cardiometabolic risk, but the effect size was larger among the unfit.

Effects of different training load and training regimens on athletes / Efeitos de diferentes cargas e regimes de treino em atletas / Efectos de diferentes cargas y regímenes de entrenamiento en atletas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The research of different training has always attracted the attention of people in sports circles all over the world. Training for strength testing is also an important part of athletes' physical training. Objective: To explore the effects of different training loads and training ratios on the cardiorespiratory endurance of track and field athletes. Methods: A total of 50 male students from a university were selected for the experiment, 30 from the university's track and field training team, and 20 ordinary students. Results: When the load is 75W, 125W, or 150W there is a significant difference in R between the first stage and the third stage (p<0.05); when the load of the middle and long distance running team is 25W and 125W, there is a significant difference between the VE of the third stage and the first stage; when the load is 100W, there is a significant difference in R between the first and second stages (P<0.05). Conclusions: In the exercise load test, the cardiorespiratory endurance and energy metabolism characteristics of the different training teams in the third stage were better than those in the first and second stages. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Investigações buscando diferentes formas de treinamento sempre atraíram a atenção de pessoas nos círculos esportivos pelo mundo. O treino para testes de força também é uma parte importante do condicionamento físico de atletas. Objetivo: Explorar os efeitos de diferentes cargas e regimes de treino na resistência cardiorrespiratória de praticantes de atletismo. Métodos: Um total de 50 estudantes do sexo masculino de uma universidade foi selecionado para o experimento, sendo 30 da equipe de atletismo da universidade e 20 estudantes regulares. Resultados: Com cargas de 75W, 125W, ou 150W, houve diferença significativa no R entre o primeiro e o terceiro estágios (p<0,05); quando a carga aplicada ao time de corrida de média e longa distância foi de 25W e 125W, houve diferença significativa no VE dos mesmos estágios; quando a carga aplicada foi de 100W, houve diferença significativa no R entre o primeiro e segundo estágios (p<0,05). Conclusões: Nos testes de exercício com carga, a resistência cardiorrespiratória e a energia metabólica das diferentes equipes de treinamento foram melhores no terceiro estágio que no primeiro e segundo estágio. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Investigaciones buscando diferentes formas de entrenamiento siempre atrajeron la atención de las personas en los círculos deportivos por el mundo. El entrenamiento para pruebas de fuerza también es una parte importante de la preparación física de atletas. Objetivo: Explorar los efectos de diferentes cargas y regímenes de entrenamiento en la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de practicantes de atletismo. Métodos: Fue seleccionado un total de 50 estudiantes del sexo masculino de una universidad para el experimento, siendo 30 del equipo de atletismo de la universidad y 20 estudiantes regulares. Resultados: Con cargas de 75W, 125W o 150W, hubo diferencia significativa en el R entre la primera y la tercera etapa (p<0,05); cuando la carga aplicada al equipo de corrida de media y larga distancia fue de 25W y 125W, hubo diferencia significativa en el VE de las mismas etapas; cuando la carga aplicada fue de 100W, hubo diferencia significativa en el R entre la primera y la segunda etapa (p<0,05). Conclusiones: En las pruebas de ejercicio con carga, la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y la energía metabólica de los diferentes equipos de entrenamiento fueron mejores en la tercera etapa que en la primera y la segunda. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: a meta-analysis / 预防医学

Objective@#To examine the dose-response association between cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.@*Methods@#A joint search was performed in Chinese and English electronic databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure ( CNKI ) , Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, to retrieve publications reporting the correlation between CRF and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases until May, 2021. The pooled risk was estimated using the random effects model, and the dose-response association was evaluated using restricted cubic splines. The source of heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analysis, and the stability of the results was tested by the trim-and-fill method, while the publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.@*Results@#Totally 37 280 literatures were identified, and 23 eligible studies were finally included in the analysis, which covered 2 605 622 subjects. There were 22 publications identified as high-quality. Meta-analysis revealed that the pooled risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases reduced by 42% in the highest CRF group relative to the lowest CRF group ( OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.52-0.65 ), and a one metabolic equivalent ( MET ) increase in CRF caused a 10% reduction in the pooled risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases ( OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.88-0.92 ). There was a negative linear correlation between CRF and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases ( P=0.396 ). Subgroup analysis identified gender, sample size and study regions as possible sources of heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis showed that the study results were stable.@*Conclusions@#There is a negative linear correlation between CRF and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and an increase in CRF may reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in maintenance hemodialysis patients / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strength, and the influencing factors of CRF in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.Methods:It was a single-center cross-sectional study. Patients who were treated with regular MHD from September 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 were recruited. Baseline data of MHD patients including body circumference (upper arm circumference of non-fistula, triceps skinfold thickness, and calf circumference), exercise capacity [6-min walking test (6MWT), timed up and go test (TUGT)] and upper and lower limb muscle strength (grip strength, knee extension strength) as well as clinical and biochemical data, Charlson comorbidity index were collected or measured. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was used to test peak oxygen consumption per kg body weight (peakVO 2/kg) for reflecting CRF. Pearson correlation or Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between peakVO 2/kg and clinical parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise) was performed to analyze the influencing factors of peakVO 2/kg. Results:A total of 48 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 34 were males (70.8%). The age was (60.31±10.44) years old. The median dialysis duration was 48(15, 84) months, and the peakVO 2/kg was (12.37±2.71) ml·kg -1·min -1, which was well below the normal value of 30-50 ml·kg -1·min -1. Furthermore, peakVO 2/kg was positively correlated with lower extremity muscle strength ( r=0.322, P=0.026) and 6MWT ( r=0.307, P=0.034), and negatively correlated with age ( r=-0.300, P=0.038). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that lower extremity muscle strength ( β=0.241, P=0.009) and age ( β=-0.235, P=0.022) were the influencing factor of peakVO 2/kg. Conclusions:CRF of MHD patients is significantly decreased. The decrease of lower extremity muscle strength is an influencing factor of CRF reduction.

Advantage analysis of the impact of physical activity management under medical supervision on the body components and healthy physical fitness in healthy adult population / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the advantages of the impact of physical activity management under medical supervision on body components and healthy physical fitness.Methods:A total of 106 healthy adults who participated in physical activity management activities in the Health Management Center of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital from April 1 st 2020 to May 31 th 2021 were enrolled. The subjects were equally divided into a medical supervision group and a self-supervision group with random number table. Both groups performed a 8-week physical activity intervention, followed by the model of “a combination of online home physical activity with offline team exercise, and team exercise interaction with individual physical activity guidance”, while health education was provided and wearable devices were worn to collect exercise data. The medical supervision group completed the set number of exercises under the supervision of the team, with on-site exercise guidance. They were required to participate in weekly one-to-one on-site instruction. The self-management group carried out exercises and participated in weekly one-to-one instruction in accordance according to their own will with online feedback. During the study, 6 cases withdrew, and 52 cases in the supervision group and 48 in the self-management group were obtained. The t and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the body components and physical fitness of the two groups before and after intervention. Results:The amount of exercise in the supervision group was significantly higher than that in self-management group (1 359 vs 615), and there was no significant differences in exercise intensity (mean heart rate, maximum heart rate and exercise duration) between the two groups (all P>0.05). After the intervention, the body weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, subcutaneous fat area and strength fitness of the supervision group were significantly lower than those before the intervention [(55.36±6.37) vs (56.11±6.33) kg, (21.48±2.85) vs (21.73±2.47) kg/m 2, (27.38±5.34) % vs (28.53±4.99) %, (119.56±48.45) vs (128.70±50.10) cm 2, (24.48±6.37) vs (26.07±5.29) kg], while the cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility fitness and agility fitness were significantly higher [(33.57±5.06) vs (30.32±4.59) ml·kg -1·min -1, (14.71±7.51) vs (10.54±7.54) cm, (0.44±0.08) vs (0.48±0.05) s] (all P<0.05). After the intervention, the body weight, muscle mass and lean body mass in self-management group were all significantly higher than those before the intervention [(56.83±8.09) vs (56.45±8.22) kg, (38.28±3.19) vs (38.24±5.17) kg; (40.80±4.16) vs (40.32±4.95) kg], and agility fitness was significantly lower [(0.64±0.39) vs (0.49±0.05) s] (all P<0.05). It was also found that improvements regarding the following three indicators were more significant in the supervision group: visceral fat, balance and agility fitness (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Physical activity intervention under medical supervision can significantly improve the body components and physical fitness in healthy adults, as well as exercise compliance and validity.

Correlation between body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness decline in physical examination population of different genders / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation between the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decline in physical examination population of different genders.Methods:Clinical data of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and body composition analysis of 439 people who received physical examination in the Medical Examination Center of Peking University Third Hospital from May 2021 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The general data, physical examination, biochemical parameters, body composition and CPET results were collected. The subjects were divided into normal group and decline group according to the percentage of peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) levels ≥ 85% or<85%. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the influencing factors of CRF decline in subjects of different genders. Results:Among men, total cholesterol and triglyceride in the decline group were significantly higher than those in the normal group [(5.097±0.890) vs (4.865±0.856) mmol/L, (1.778±1.200) vs (1.485±0.709) mmol/L], and the blood homocysteine (Hcy) and skeletal muscle index were significantly lower than those in the normal group [13.00 (11.30, 15.90) vs 13.80 (12.05, 17.10) μmol/L, (7.89±0.65) vs (8.08±0.64) kg/m 2] (all P<0.05). Among women, skeletal muscle index in the decline group was significantly lower than that in the normal group [(6.21±0.52) vs (6.53±0.56)kg/m 2], and percent body fat was significantly higher than that in the normal group [(32.83±4.92)% vs (31.21±4.55)%] (all P<0.05). The elevation of triglyceride level ( OR=1.487, 95% CI: 1.042-2.121) and visceral fat area ( OR=1.032, 95% CI: 1.014-1.051) were positively correlated with the decline of CRF in man, the decrease of skeletal muscle index ( OR=0.215, 95% CI: 0.106-0.435) and the increase of percent body fat ( OR=1.149, 95% CI: 1.060-1.245) were positively correlated with the decrease of CRF in women (all P<0.05). Conclusions:There is a correlation between body composition and CRF decline in physical examination population of different genders. Men should control visceral fat more effectively, and women should pay attention to increase muscle mass while reducing body fat, in order to improve CRF.

Outcomes between different validated questionnaires to assess the level of physical activity in cardiac patients adhering to a rehabilitation program / Desfechos entre diferentes questionários validados para a avaliação do nível de atividade física em cardiopatas adeptos a um programa de reabilitação

Abstract Introduction The International Physical Activity Ques-tionnaire (IPAQ) and Baecke inventory are commonly used in cardiovascular rehabilitation routines. Thus, it is understood that investigations on the equivalence of outcomes between these two tools may be relevant to measure the magnitude of possible reproducibility and correlations between them. Objective To compare in cardiac patients the level of physical activity obtained through the IPAQ and Baecke inventory and correlate outcomes obtained with a 6-minute walk test. Methods In total, 65 heart disease patients included in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program (40 male and 25 female) were included, with a mean age of 65.8 ± 10.5 years. The data were obtained from the application of a standardized form, containing the proposed study objects, which were the IPAQ and Baecke inventory. In addition, data regarding anthropometric measurements (body mass, height, and body mass index - BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, and performance in the 6-minute walk test were measured. Results The main outcomes refer to the weak association between the instruments evaluated, which showed a strong relationship only between free time physical activity (r = 1), while in the other categories and when compared to the 6-minute walk test, the verified agreement was not significant. Conclusion The questionnaires are strongly equivalent only for free time physical activity, in the other categories and when compared to the 6-minute walk test, the agreement was not significant. Thus, based on the results, implementation in clinical practice considering the use of these tools with equivalence is not recommended.

Resumo Introdução O Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e o inventário de Baecke são comumente utilizados em rotinas de reabilitação cardiovascular. Assim, entende-se que investigações sobre a equiva-lência de desfechos entre essas duas ferramentas possam ser relevantes para mensurar a magnitude da possível reprodutibilidade e correlação entre tais métodos. Objetivo Comparar em cardiopatas o nível de atividade física obtido por meio do IPAQ e do Baecke e correlacionar desfechos obtidos com o teste de cami-nhada de 6 minutos (TC6). Métodos Foram incluídos no estudo 65 cardiopatias inseridos em um programa de reabilitação cardiovascular, sendo 40 do sexo masculino e 25 do sexo feminino, com idade média correspondente a 65,8 ± 10,5 anos. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de um formulário padronizado, contendo os objetos de estudo propostos (IPAQ e Baecke). Além disso, dados referentes a medidas antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura e índice de massa corpórea), relação de cintura quadril, pressão arterial e TC6 foram avaliados. Resultados Os principais desfechos se referem à fraca associação entre os instrumentos avaliados, que demonstraram relação forte somente entre atividade física de tempo livre (r = 1), sendo que nas demais categorias e quando comparadas ao TC6 a concordância verificada não apresentou significância estatística. Conclusão Os questionários se equivalem fortemente somente quando diz respeito à atividade física de tempo livre. Desta forma, não faz sentido a implementação de prática clínica que considere a utilização das ferramentas IPAQ e Baecke com equivalência, o que verificou-se não existir.

Reference equations of oxygen uptake for the step test in the obese population

The aim of this study was to establish reference equations for the six-minute step test (6MST) based on demographic, anthropometric, body composition, and performance variables able to predict oxygen uptake (V̇O2) in obese individuals. Seventy-three obese adults (42±14 years old, body mass index >30 kg/m2) from both sexes were included. They underwent anamnesis, body composition evaluation, and the 6MST with expired gases registered simultaneously. Three equations were developed for the obese population (n=73; 59% female). The first equation was composed of the up-and-down step cycles (UDS), sex, and age as predictors; the second equation was composed of the UDS, age, and lean mass (LM). Both equations collectively explained 68.1% of the V̇O2 variance in the 6MST, while the third equation, composed of the UDS, age, and body mass, accounted for 67.7% of the V̇O2 variance. UDS, sex, age, LM, and body mass were important V̇O2 predictors of 6MST in these obese individuals. This study contributes to the dissemination of a simple, inexpensive, and fast evaluation method that can provide important indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and guide strategies for rehabilitation.